• Dorothy Y Hung, Gabriela Mujal, Anqi Jin, and Su-Ying Liang.
• School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. dorothy.hung@berkeley.edu.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2022 Aug 1; 37 (10): 2358-2364.

PurposeTo assess the impact of Lean primary care redesigns on the amount of time that physicians spent working each day.MethodsThis observational study was based on 92 million time-stamped Epic® EHR access logs captured among 317 primary care physicians in a large ambulatory care delivery system. Seventeen clinic facilities housing 46 primary care departments were included for study. We conducted interrupted time series analysis to monitor changes in physician work patterns over 6 years. Key measures included total daily work time; time spent on "desktop medicine" outside the exam room; time spent with patients during office visits; time still working after clinic, i.e., after seeing the last patient each day; and remote work time.ResultsThe amount of time that physicians spent on desktop EHR activities throughout the day, including after clinic hours, decreased by 10.9% (95% CI: -22.2, -2.03) and 8.3% (95% CI: -13.8, -2.12), respectively, during the first year of Lean implementation. Total daily work hours among physicians, which included both desktop activity and time in office visits, decreased by 20% (95% CI: -29.2, -9.60) by the third year of Lean implementation.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that Lean redesign may be associated with time savings for primary care physicians. However, since this was an observational analysis, further study is warranted (e.g., randomized trial) -to determine the impact of Lean interventions on physician work experiences.© 2021. The Author(s).

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