• Ahmad Reza Pourghaderi, Nikita Kogtikov, Michael H Lees, Wentong Cai, Pin PekPinPDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Electronic address: maeve.pek@duke-nus.edu.sg., Fu Wah HoAndrewAHealth Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore., Ming NgWeiWEmergency Medicine Department, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore. Electronic address: wei_ming_ng@nuhs.edu.sg., Jaeyoung Kwak, Elgin WhiteAlexanderAUnit for Prehospital Emergency Care, Ministry of Health, Singapore. Electronic address: alexander.elgin.white@upec.sg., Lynn LimShirSDepartment of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: mdclims@nus.edu.sg., Shao Wei LamSeanSHealth Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Health Services Research Centre, Singapore Health Services, Singapore. Electronic address: lam.shao.wei@singhealth.com.sg., and Eng Hock OngMarcusMHealth Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Health Services Research Centre, Singapore Health Services, Singapore; Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Electronic address.
• Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Health Services Research Centre, Singapore Health Services, Singapore. Electronic address: pourghaderi@u.nus.edu.
• Resuscitation. 2022 Jan 1; 170: 213-221.

AimMathematical optimization of automated external defibrillator (AED) placement has demonstrated potential to improve survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Existing models mostly aim to improve accessibility based on coverage radius and do not account for detailed impact of delayed defibrillation on survival. We aimed to predict OHCA survival based on time to defibrillation and developed an AED placement model to directly maximize the expected survival rate.MethodsWe stratified OHCAs occurring in Singapore (2010-2017) based on time to defibrillation and developed a regression model to predict the Utstein survival rate. We then developed a novel AED placement model, the maximum expected survival rate (MESR) model. We compared the performance of MESR with a maximum coverage model developed for Canada that was shown to be generalizable to other settings (Denmark). The survival gain of MESR was assessed through 10-fold cross-validation for placement of 20 to 1000 new AEDs in Singapore. Statistical analysis was performed using χ2 and McNemar's tests.ResultsDuring the study period, 15,345 OHCAs occurred. The power-law approximation with R2 of 91.33% performed best among investigated models. It predicted a survival of 54.9% with defibrillation within the first two minutes after collapse that was reduced by more than 60% without defibrillation within the first 4 minutes. MESR outperformed the maximum coverage model with P-value < 0.05 (<0.0001 in 22 of 30 experiments).ConclusionWe developed a novel AED placement model based on the impact of time to defibrillation on OHCA outcomes. Mathematical optimization can improve OHCA survival.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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