• Elizabeth A Nilsen, Khadejah F Mahmoud, Ann M Mitchell, and Hayley D Germack.
• University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, 3500 Victoria Street, Victoria Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America. Electronic address: ean20@pitt.edu.
• Appl Nurs Res. 2021 Dec 1; 62: 151506.

AimTo develop an evidence-based operational definition for Prolonged Postoperative Opioid Use (PPOU).BackgroundIn the United States, opioids are a mainstay of postoperative pain management, and are prescribed to over 90% of patients following surgery. Recent literature has highlighted the risk for prolonged postoperative opioid use (PPOU) after many surgical procedures. However, reported rates of PPOU vary greatly across studies, due in part to inconsistent operational definitions. Recent literature identified 29 distinct definitions for PPOU, which resulted in incidence ranging from 0.01% to 14.7% when applied to the same cohort of opioid naïve patients.MethodsWe followed the eight-step method described by Walker & Avant, using an iterative literature search process with the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar. English-language peer-reviewed publications through August 2020 were included in the analysis.ResultsThe four defining attributes of PPOU are (1) use of opioids greater than 90 days following surgery, (2) treatment of postoperative (non-cancer) pain, (3) in opioid-naïve patients, (4) with legal prescription use. We identified four antecedents and four consequences to PPOU.ConclusionThe definition of PPOU in current literature varies greatly and has had significant impact on the interpretation and reliability of research findings. We propose the following working definition: PPOU is the legal prescription use of any opioid for greater than 90 days following surgery, for the purposes of treating post-operative pain, by a patient who opioid naïve in the year prior to surgery.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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