• Wanchun Yang, Junhong Li, Tengfei Li, Mingrong Zuo, Yufan Xiang, Xingwang Zhou, Jun Zheng, and Hao Li.
• Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Nov 24; 100 (47): e27936e27936.

BackgroundCranioplasty is widely applied on patients who has undergone decompress craniectomy (DC) due to intractable increased intracranial pressure and the cranioplasty materials have been on the bleeding edge of biomolecular and material science. This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) will be conducted to comprehensively evaluate the safety and efficacy of different cranial implants for patients with cranial defects due to various reasons.Methods And AnalysisThis protocol has been reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The following electronic databases will be searched from the date of database establishment to September 1, 2020: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wanfang. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized prospective studies focus on cranial implants will be included. Quality assessment will be conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool or risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions based on their study designs. The primary outcome will be postoperative early mortality and implant failure while various complications for secondary outcomes. Pairwise and network meta-analysis will be conducted using STATA V.14 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses will be conducted to assess the robustness of the results.Ethics And DisseminationThis systematic review does not require an ethics approval or the need to obtain informed consent. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.Protocol Registration NumberINPLASY 202110001.Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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