• A J ten Hagen, T S van der Werf, J J Ligtenberg, J J Meuzelaar, A V Möller, and J G Zijlstra.
• Afd. Interne Kliniek, Intensive-carebeademing, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Groningen.
• Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Jan 30; 143 (5): 255-9.

AbstractTwo males aged 41 and 32 years developed pneumonia which responded inadequately to antibiotic treatment and necessitated mechanical ventilation. It was only after surgical and digital opening, drainage of pus pockets and daily pleural lavage that the clinical picture improved. The microorganisms cultured from both patients included Streptococcus milleri, probably acquired by aspiration. Thoracic empyema as a complication of pneumonia is clinically recognised by lack of response to antimicrobial agents. For the diagnosis, ultrasonographic and CT imaging, followed by pleural puncture are used. Simple parapneumonic effusions are managed by drainage with or without rinsing with normal saline, while in advanced empyema, instillations with fibrinolytic agents have proved safe and effective. Sometimes, video-assisted thoracoscopic or conventional surgery is necessary to clear the pleural space, while in complicated cases, extensive surgical procedures are warranted.

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