Ultrasound-guided caudal injection does not improve overall success or block performance time compared to landmark caudal injection, but does improve first-puncture success and reduce complications.

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• Dhruv Jain, Sana Yasmin Hussain, and Arshad Ayub.
• Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
• Paediatr Anaesth. 2022 Jan 1; 32 (1): 35-42.

BackgroundCaudal block is a common regional anesthesia technique in pediatrics with landmark method predominantly being practiced. Ultrasound-guided technique provides real-time visualization of the structures and injection while performing caudal block. We performed this meta-analysis to determine the utility of ultrasound in caudal blocks in children over the landmark-based technique.MethodsRandomized controlled trials comparing ultrasound-guided caudal blocks and landmark technique in pediatrics were searched from databases-PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL from inception until August 2020. The primary objective was success rate between the two techniques and secondary objectives included time to perform the block, first puncture success, and complications.ResultsFive trials with 904 participants were included for this meta-analysis. There was no difference in success rate between the two techniques (Risk ratio-1.07; 95% CI [0.97, 1.18]; p = .15). Time to perform the block was similar (Mean difference-8.88 s; 95% CI [-21.64, 39.40; p = .57) while first puncture success was higher with ultrasound-guided technique (Risk ratio-1.31; 95% CI [1.15, 1.49]; p = .0001). Complications like vascular puncture and needle misplacement were lower in the ultrasound group, and no serious complications were seen in any patient. Needle visualization and sacral canal distension were seen in 82% and 97.5% of the cases, respectively, in ultrasound group.ConclusionUltrasound-guided caudal injection does not improve the success rate or time to perform the block but results in higher first puncture success and lower incidence of complications compared to landmark technique.© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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