• Laura N Torgerson, Katrina Munoz, Kristin Kostick, Peter Zuk, Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby, Eric A Storch, and Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz.
• Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
• Neuromodulation. 2023 Dec 1; 26 (8): 164616521646-1652.

IntroductionChildhood dystonia is often nonresponsive to medications, and refractory cases are increasingly being treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, many have noted that there is little consensus about when DBS should be offered, and there has been little examination of clinicians' decision-making process when determining whether to offer DBS for childhood dystonia.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and examine the factors considered by pediatric movement disorder specialists before offering DBS.Materials And MethodsSemistructured interviews (N = 29) with pediatric dystonia clinicians were conducted, transcribed, and coded. Using thematic content analysis, nine central themes were identified when clinicians were asked about key factors, clinical factors, and psychosocial factors considered before offering pediatric DBS.ResultsClinicians identified nine main factors. Five of these were classified primarily as clinical factors: early intervention and younger age (raised by 86% of respondents), disease progression and symptom severity (83%), etiology and genetic status (79%), clinicians' perceived risks and benefits of DBS for the patient (79%), and exhaustion of other treatment options (55%). The remaining four were classified primarily as psychosocial factors: social and family support (raised by 97% of respondents), patient and caregiver expectations about outcomes and understanding of DBS treatment (90%), impact of dystonia on quality of life (69%), and financial resources and access to care (31%).ConclusionsCandidacy determinations, in this context, are complicated by an interrelation of clinical and psychosocial factors that contribute to the decision. There is potential for bias when considering family support and quality of life. Uncertainty of outcomes related to the etiology of dystonia makes candidacy judgments challenging. More systematic examination of the characteristics and criteria used to identify pediatric patients with dystonia who can significantly benefit from DBS is necessary to develop clear guidelines and promote the well-being of these children.Copyright © 2021 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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