• Matteo Bassetti, Alessandra Mularoni, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Nadia Castaldo, and Antonio Vena.
• Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.
• Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Apr 1; 43 (2): 280-294.

AbstractHospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) represent one of the most common hospital-acquired infections, carrying a significant morbidity and risk of mortality. Increasing antibiotic resistance among the common bacterial pathogens associated with HAP and VAP, especially Enterobacterales and nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria, has made the choice of empiric treatment of these infections increasingly challenging. Moreover, failure of initial empiric therapy to cover the causative agents associated with HAP and VAP has been associated with worse clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of antibiotics newly approved or in development for the treatment of HAP and VAP. The approved antibiotics include ceftobiprole, ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, and cefiderocol. Their major advantages include their high activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens.Thieme. All rights reserved.

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