• Gavin G Pattullo.
• Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia.
• Anaesth Intensive Care. 2022 Mar 1; 50 (1-2): 68-80.

AbstractMisuse of prescription opioids forced an inevitable response from authorities to intervene with consequences felt by all.In the Australian community one person will die for approximately every 3600 adults prescribed opioids, while in the hospital setting a postoperative patient managed primarily with opioids, as opposed to epidural analgesia, has an additional risk of death as high as between one in 56 to 477.Opioids maintain a valid role in acute pain management when use is reasoned and with full awareness of the harms and how they are to be avoided, such as in those at risk of ongoing use, the opioid naïve, and when opioid-induced ventilatory impairment may occur.Clinicians managing acute pain can focus on assessing pain versus nociception, strategically apply antinociceptive medications and neural blockade when indicated, assess pain with an emphasis on the degree of bothersomeness and functional impairment and, finally, optimise the use of framing and placebo-enhancing communication to minimise reliance on medications.

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