• Anastasia Katsiampoura, Syed Hamza Mufarrih, Aidan Sharkey, Ruma Bose, Sohail K Mahboobi, Robina Matyal, and Feroze Mahmood.
• Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2022 Aug 1; 36 (8 Pt B): 3257-3264.

AbstractWith advancements in technology and progress in interventional procedures, left-sided structural heart disease (SHD) interventions have become part of everyday clinical practice. One of the most important steps for a successful left-sided structural heart intervention is the transseptal puncture (TSP). Appropriate transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance of TSP requires extensive supervised hands-on experience prior to attaining proficiency. Whereas some TEE skills are acquired during cardiac anesthesia fellowships, continuous procedural guidance during SHD interventions requires substantial hands-on experience. Several studies have emphasized the value of advanced training in imaging for SHD interventions; however, the pathways and advanced training to ensure proficiency in interventional echocardiography have not yet been clearly established. In an effort to achieve a uniform and consistent approach to TSP imaging that is homogeneous and complementary to the component steps of the TSP procedure from an interventional point-of-view, the authors have developed a protocol for providing image guidance for TSP - the PITLOC protocol (Practice, Identification of septal puncture needle, Tracking of needle tip, Localization of needle tip in fossa ovalis, Optimizing septal indentation, and, finally, Crossing the interatrial septum under direct vision). This protocol aims to standarize image guidance for TSP while complementing the the steps of the procedure as performed and described by interventionalists.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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