• Verughese Jacob, Jeffrey A Reynolds, Sajal K Chattopadhyay, David P Hopkins, Nicole L Therrien, Christopher D Jones, Jeffrey M Durthaler, Kimberly J Rask, Alison E Cuellar, John M Clymer, Thomas E Kottke, and Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF).
• The Community Guide Office, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: hir0@cdc.gov.
• Am J Prev Med. 2022 Mar 1; 62 (3): e202e222e202-e222.

IntroductionAdherence to medications for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors is less than optimal, although greater adherence to medication has been shown to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This paper examines the economics of tailored pharmacy interventions to improve medication adherence for cardiovascular disease prevention and management.MethodsLiterature from inception of databases to May 2019 was searched, yielding 29 studies for cardiovascular disease prevention and 9 studies for cardiovascular disease management. Analyses were done from June 2019 through May 2020. All monetary values are in 2019 U.S. dollars.ResultsThe median intervention cost per patient per year was $246 for cardiovascular disease prevention and $292 for cardiovascular disease management. The median change in healthcare cost per person per year due to the intervention was -$355 for cardiovascular disease prevention and -$2,430 for cardiovascular disease management. The median total cost per person per year was -$89 for cardiovascular disease prevention, with a median return on investment of 0.01. The median total cost per person per year for cardiovascular disease management was -$1,080, with a median return on investment of 7.52, and 6 of 7 estimates indicating reduced healthcare cost averted exceeded intervention cost. For cardiovascular disease prevention, the median cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was $11,298. There were no cost effectiveness studies for cardiovascular disease management.DiscussionThe evidence shows that tailored pharmacy-based interventions to improve medication adherence are cost effective for cardiovascular disease prevention. For cardiovascular disease management, healthcare cost averted exceeds the cost of implementation for a favorable return on investment from a healthcare systems perspective.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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