• Pekka Vartiainen, Risto P Roine, Eija Kalso, and Tarja Heiskanen.
• Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
• Eur J Pain. 2022 May 1; 26 (5): 1135-1146.

BackgroundSevere chronic pain that interferes with daily activities is associated with an increased risk of mortality. We assessed the overall mortality of tertiary chronic pain patients in comparison with the general population, with a special aim to analyse the association of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its dimensions with the risk of death.MethodsIn this prospective observational follow-up study, patients with non-cancer chronic pain attended an outpatient multidisciplinary pain management (MPM) episode in a tertiary pain clinic in 2004-2012 and were followed until May 2019. Mortality between the patients and the general population was compared with standardized mortality ratios (SMR) in different age groups. Causes of death and comorbidities were compared among the deceased. Association of mortality and HRQoL and its dimensions, measured with the 15D instrument, was studied with Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsDuring a mean of 10.4-year follow-up of 1498 patients, 296 died. The SMR in the youngest age group (18-49 years) was significantly higher than that of the general population: 2.6 for males and 2.9 for females. Even elderly females (60-69 years) had elevated mortality (SMR 2.3). Low baseline HRQoL at the time of MPM, as well as poor ratings in the psychosocial dimensions of HRQoL, was associated with an increased risk of death.ConclusionsOur results support the role of HRQoL measurement by a validated instrument such as the 15D in capturing both the physical and the psychological symptom burden, and consequently, an elevated risk of death, in patients with chronic pain.SignificanceSevere chronic pain is associated with elevated mortality. In patients in chronic pain under 50 years old, the mortality was 2.5-3 times higher than in the general population. Psychological distress appears to contribute to the increased mortality. Regular follow-up by health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement could be useful in identifying patients in chronic pain who are in need of intensive symptom management and to prevent early death.© 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Pain published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Pain Federation - EFIC ®.

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