• Tej D Azad, Pavan P Shah, Han B Kim, and Robert D Stevens.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• Neurocrit Care. 2022 Aug 1; 37 (Suppl 2): 259-266.

AbstractHeterogeneity is recognized as a major barrier in efforts to improve the care and outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Even within the narrower stratum of moderate and severe TBI, current management approaches do not capture the complexity of this condition characterized by manifold clinical, anatomical, and pathophysiologic features. One approach to heterogeneity may be to resolve undifferentiated TBI populations into endotypes, subclasses that are distinguished by shared biological characteristics. The endotype paradigm has been explored in a range of medical domains, including psychiatry, oncology, immunology, and pulmonology. In intensive care, endotypes are being investigated for syndromes such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This review provides an overview of the endotype paradigm as well as some of its methods and use cases. A conceptual framework is proposed for endotype research in moderate and severe TBI, together with a scientific road map for endotype discovery and validation in this population.© 2022. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and Neurocritical Care Society.

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