• D A Fishbain, R Cutler, H L Rosomoff, and R S Rosomoff.
• Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Florida 33131, USA.
• Clin J Pain. 1997 Jun 1; 13 (2): 116-37.

ObjectiveTo determine the current status for the association of chronic pain and depression and to review the evidence for whether depression is an antecedent or consequence of chronic pain (CP).DesignA computer and manual literature review yielded 191 studies that related to the pain-depression association. These reports were reviewed and sorted into seven categories relating to the topic of this paper. Eighty-three studies were then selected according to inclusion criteria and subjected to a structured review.SettingAny medical treatment setting including pain treatment as inclusion criteria for selection of studies.PatientsAny patients with any type of chronic pain.ResultsThe reviewed studies were consistent in indicating that there is a statistical relationship between chronic pain and depression. For the relationship between pain and depression, there was greater support for the consequence and scar hypotheses than the antecedent hypothesis.ConclusionsDepression is more common in chronic pain patients (CPPs) than in healthy controls as a consequence of the presence of CP. At pain onset, predisposition to depression (the scar hypothesis) may increase the likelihood for the development of depression in some CPPS. Because of difficulties in measuring depression in the presence of CP, the reviewed studies should be interpreted with caution.

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