• De Jesus Encarnacion RamirezManuelMDepartment of Neurosurgery, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia., Ismael Peralta, Issael Ramirez, Vicente Dauly, Garcia Mainer, Renat Nurmukhametov, and Ibrahim E Efe.
• Department of Neurosurgery, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia.
• World Neurosurg. 2022 Jul 1; 163: 5-10.

BackgroundLess than a quarter of the world population has access to microneurosurgical care within a range of 2 hours. We introduce a simplified exoscope system to achieve magnification, illumination, and video recording in low-resource settings.MethodsWe combined an industrial microscope tube, a heavy-duty support arm, a wide-field c-mount digital microscope camera, and a light-emitting diode ring light. All parts were sterilized with ethylene oxide. We performed 13 spinal and 3 cranial surgeries with the help of the low-budget exoscope.ResultsThe average preoperative setup time was 12.8 minutes. The exoscope provided similar magnification and illumination like a conventional binocular microscope. It allowed operating in a comfortable posture. The field of vision ranged from 30 mm-60 mm. The surgical field was captured by a 16-megapixel two-dimensional camera and projected to a 55-inch high-definition television screen in real time. Image quality was similar to that of a conventional microscope although our exoscope lacked stereoscopic view. Adjusting camera position and angle was time-consuming. Thus, the benefit of the exoscope was most notable in spine surgeries where the camera remained static for most of the time. The total cost of the exoscope was approximately U.S. $ 750.ConclusionsOur low-budget exoscope offers similar image quality, magnification, and illumination like a conventional binocular microscope. It may thus help expand access to neurosurgical care worldwide. Users may face difficulty adapting to the lack of depth perception in the beginning. Prospective studies are needed to assess its usability and effectiveness compared to the microscope.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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