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- George P Warpinski and Anne-Michelle Ruha.
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, 1012 East Willetta Street, Fl 2, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Electronic address: george.warpinski@bannerhealth.com.
- Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 2022 May 1; 40 (2): 313-326.
AbstractThis review discusses the distinct envenomation syndromes produced by North American species of snakes and arthropods, specifically the Crotalinae subfamily of snakes, which includes cottonmouths, copperheads, and rattlesnakes; coral snakes; Latrodectus and Loxosceles species of arachnid; and Centruroides sculpturatus, the only species of North American scorpion capable of producing an envenomation syndrome. The authors discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and presentation of these syndromes and emphasize the varying degrees to which these syndromes can manifest clinically. Finally, the management of each envenomation syndrome is addressed. Special attention is paid to available antivenoms, their indications for use, and their side effects.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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