• Danielle M Nash, Judith Belle Brown, Cathy Thorpe, Jennifer Rayner, and Merrick Zwarenstein.
• Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
• J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Dec 1; 28 (6): 110611121106-1112.

Rationale, Aims And ObjectivesA learning health system model can be used to efficiently evaluate and incorporate evidence-based care into practice. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing key organizational attributes needed to ensure a successful learning health system within primary care. We interviewed stakeholders for a primary care learning health system in Ontario, Canada (the Alliance for Healthier Communities) to identify strengths and areas for improvement.MethodWe conducted a qualitative descriptive study using individual semistructured interviews with Alliance stakeholders between December 2019 and March 2020. The Alliance delivers community-governed primary healthcare through 109 organizations including Community Health Centres (CHCs). All CHC staff within the Alliance were invited to participate. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed a thematic analysis using a team approach.ResultsWe interviewed 29 participants across six CHCs, including Executive Directors, managers, healthcare providers and data support staff. We observed three foundational elements necessary for a successful learning health system within primary care: shared organizational goals and culture, data quality and resources. Building on this foundation, people are needed to drive the learning health system, and this is conditional on their level of engagement. The main factors motivating staff member's engagement with the learning health system included their drive to help improve patient care, focusing on initiatives of personal interest and understanding the purpose of different initiatives. Areas for improvement were identified such as the ability to extract and use data to inform changes in real-time, better engagement and protected time for providers to do improvement work, and more staff dedicated to data extraction and analysis.ConclusionsWe identified key components needed to establish a learning health system in primary care. Similar primary care organizations in Canada and elsewhere can use these insights to guide their development as learning health systems.© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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