• John Landefeld, Melody Tran-Reina, and Mark Henderson.
• Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Electronic address: jclandefeld@ucdavis.edu.
• Med. Clin. North Am. 2022 May 1; 106 (3): 545-555.

AbstractPatients with valvular heart disease may present with or without symptoms. A thorough cardiac physical examination can identify patients who require further evaluation and management. Although the utility of different cardiac findings varies widely, diastolic murmurs indicate important underlying valvular pathology requiring further investigation, typically with echocardiography. The proper examination of patients with systolic murmurs, the most common murmurs in clinical practice, is fundamental to cost-effective care. We will review the key components of the cardiac examination and findings relevant to functional murmurs, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic regurgitation, and mitral stenosis.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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