• Michael Caspers, Nadine Schäfer, Bertil Bouillon, Victoria Schaeben, Monica Christine Ciorba, Marc Maegele, Jens Müller, and Bernd Pötzsch.
• The Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Department of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany. michael.caspers@uni-wh.de.
• Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022 Dec 1; 48 (6): 459546064595-4606.

PurposeUncontrolled hemorrhage is still the major cause of preventable death after trauma and is aggravated by trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). The underlying pathophysiology of TIC is still elusive, but several key effectors such as the thrombin-generation capacity, the protein C (PC) pathway, and the fibrinolytic activity could be identified. The aim of this prospective observational study was to investigate plasma coagulation markers attributed to reflect the course of TIC and to identify the mechanisms being responsible for the coagulopathy after major trauma.MethodsSeventy-three consecutive patients after major trauma and admission to a level-1-trauma unit were included to the study. During early trauma management, extended coagulation testing including the measurement of circulating thrombin markers and activated PC (APC) was performed and correlated with standard shock parameters and the patients' clinical course and outcome.ResultsIn contrast to standard coagulation parameters, thrombin markers and APC were found to be increased in correlation with injury severity. Even in patients with lower impact mechanisms, early endogenous accumulation of thrombin markers and APC (ISS < 16: 0.5 ng/ml; ISS ≥ 16-26: 1.5 ng/ml; ISS > 26: 4.1 ng/ml) were observed. Furthermore, APC showed ISS- and injury-dependent patterns while ROC curve analysis revealed that especially APC plasma levels were predictive for coagulopathy and general patient outcome.ConclusionIncreased levels of APC and thrombin markers in patients after major trauma were positively correlated with injury severity. APC showed an ISS- and injury-dependent kinetic and might serve as candidate biomarker to identify patients at risk for developing TIC.© 2022. The Author(s).

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