• Rosa Lombardi, MuraVincenzo LaVUnit of Internal Medicine Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy., Annalisa Cespiati, Federica Iuculano, Giordano Sigon, Giada Pallini, Marco Proietti, Irene Motta, Beatrice Montinaro, Elisa Fiorelli, Matteo Cesari, Alessandra Bandera, Luca Valenti, Flora Peyvandi, Nicola Montano, Marina Baldini, and Anna Ludovica Fracanzani.
• Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. rosa.lombardi@unimi.it.
• Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Sep 1; 17 (6): 173917491739-1749.

AbstractDespite vaccination programs, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains a public health problem. Identifying key prognostic determinants of severity of the disease may help better focus health resources. The negative prognostic role for metabolic and hepatic alterations is established; however, the interplay among different metabolic comorbidities and their interconnections with the liver have never been explored.The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of liver alterations in addition to metabolic comorbidities as a predictor of SARS-CoV-2 severity. 382 SARS-CoV-2 patients were enrolled. Severe SARS-CoV-2 was diagnosed according to international consensus. Transaminases > 2 times the upper limit of normality (2ULN), hepatic steatosis (by ultrasound and/or computed tomography in 133 patients), and FIB-4 defined liver alterations. All data were collected on admission. The results are severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in 156 (41%) patients (mean age 65 ± 17; 60%males). Prevalence of obesity was 25%; diabetes, 17%; hypertension, 44%; dyslipidaemia, 29%; with 13% of the cohort with ≥ 3 metabolic alterations. Seventy patients (18%) had transaminases > 2ULN, 82 (62%) steatosis; 199 (54%) had FIB-4 < 1.45 and 45 (12%) > 3.25. At multivariable analysis, ≥ 3 metabolic comorbidities (OR 4.1, CI 95% 1.8-9.1) and transaminases > 2ULN (OR 2.6, CI 95% 1.3-6.7) were independently associated with severe SARS-CoV-2. FIB-4 < 1.45 was a protective factor (OR 0.42, CI 95% 0.23-0.76). Hepatic steatosis had no impact on disease course. The presence of metabolic alterations is associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the higher the number of coexisting comorbidities, the higher the risk of severe disease. Normal FIB-4 values are inversely associated with advanced SARS-CoV-2 regardless of metabolic comorbidities, speculating on use of these values to stratify the risk of severe infection.© 2022. The Author(s).

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