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- Timothy M Shepherd and Michael J Hoch.
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 660 First Avenue, Room 230D, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: timothy.shepherd@nyulangone.org.
- Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2022 Aug 1; 32 (3): 553-564.
AbstractHuman brainstem internal anatomy is intricate, complex, and essential to normal brain function. The brainstem is affected by stroke, multiple sclerosis, and most neurodegenerative diseases-a 1-mm focus of pathologic condition can have profound clinical consequences. Unfortunately, detailed internal brainstem anatomy is difficult to see with conventional MRI sequences. We review normal brainstem anatomy visualized on widely available clinical 3-T MRI scanners using fast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery, probabilistic diffusion tractography, neuromelanin, and susceptibility-weighted imaging. Better anatomic localization using these recent innovations improves our ability to diagnose, localize, and treat brainstem diseases. We aim to provide an accessible review of the most clinically relevant brainstem neuroanatomy.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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