• Mathew R Voisin, Jeffrey A Zuccato, Justin Z Wang, and Gelareh Zadeh.
• Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: mvoisin@qmed.ca.
• World Neurosurg. 2022 Oct 1; 166: e624e631e624-e631.

ObjectiveThe role of surgery in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a controversial topic. The goal of this study was to perform a case control analysis including time to tumor recurrence as an additional prognostic factor in order to determine which patients benefit most from repeat surgery.MethodsOur brain tumor database was reviewed over a 10-year period for all adult (≥18 years old) patients with primary isocitrate dehydrogenase wildtype GBM who received surgery for recurrent disease. These patients were then age, sex, and treatment matched to case controls from our institution who received medical therapy for recurrent disease.ResultsA total of 174 adult patients with GBM were included in the study, 87 patients who received surgery for recurrent GBM (surgery cohort) and 87 patients who did not receive surgery for recurrent GBM (nonsurgery cohort). The surgery cohort had longer overall survival (P = 0.0003) and postrecurrence survival (P = 0.001) than the nonsurgery cohort. When the surgery cohort was split into 2 groups on the basis of time to tumor recurrence, the long time to recurrence group (>6 months) demonstrated significantly increased survival compared with the short time to recurrence group (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis of both cohorts demonstrated surgery for recurrent GBM was independently significant after adjusting for age, Karnofsky Performance Scale, and time to tumor recurrence (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsSurgery for recurrent GBM leads to improved survival independent of age, Karnofsky Performance Scale, and time to tumor recurrence. Patients with time to tumor recurrence >6 months benefit most from additional surgery.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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