• Aditya Sengupta, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Aditya Kaza, Catherine Allan, Ravi Thiagarajan, Pedro J Del Nido, and Meena Nathan.
• Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2023 Jun 1; 165 (6): 21812192.e22181-2192.e2.

BackgroundData regarding the influence of intraoperative residual lesions on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) following the Norwood procedure are limited. Moreover, the significance of postoperative ECMO timing on in-hospital outcomes remains incompletely characterized.MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent the Norwood operation from January 1997 to November 2017. Patients with at least minor residual lesions based on the intraoperative postcardiopulmonary bypass echocardiogram were identified. The association between residual lesions and postoperative ECMO was assessed with logistic regression, adjusting for age, weight, prematurity, various preoperative system-specific and procedural risk factors, shunt type, and era. Among patients receiving ECMO, associations between late ECMO (≥3 days post-Norwood) and in-hospital mortality or transplant, postoperative hospital length-of-stay, and cost of hospitalization were evaluated using logistic regression or generalized linear models with a gamma distribution and logarithmic link.ResultsAmong 500 patients, 78 (15.6%) received ECMO postoperatively. On multivariable analysis, the presence of at least minor residual lesions (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.1-9.3; P < .001) was associated with postoperative ECMO. In the ECMO subpopulation, there were 44 (56.4%) deaths or transplants. Late ECMO was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality or transplant (adjusted odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.5-26.0), longer postoperative hospital length of stay (regression coefficient, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3-1.1), and greater cost (regression coefficient, 0.6; 95%, CI 0.4-0.7), versus early ECMO (all P values < .05).ConclusionsThe presence of even minor intraoperative residua significantly increases the risk of ECMO following the Norwood operation. Among patients receiving ECMO postoperatively, early institution of ECMO is associated with lower mortality and resource utilization.Copyright © 2022 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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