• Brian Brenner, Tyler Ericson, and Lynn Kohan.
• Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
• Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022 Oct 1; 26 (10): 709-717.

Purpose Of ReviewPain medicine is rapidly expanding. The gap in treatment for patients with chronic pain in between traditional conservative therapy and major invasive surgery is closing. Neuromodulation is one therapeutic area that has continued to show promise for treatment of chronic pain. Our aim is to review updates in non-invasive neuromodulation (NIN) techniques as an adjunct for various chronic pain conditions.Recent FindingsOverall, the literature suggests that NIN techniques such as tCDS, TMS, TENS, tVNS, and HIFUS/LIFUS have utility in treating various types of chronic pain and have a promising future. There is a better understanding of the mechanistic basis for pain relief from NIN, as well as refinement in technology improving NIN therapy success. Future studies will need to focus on continuing to refine protocols for optimal benefit from NIN as well as implementing larger RCTs to improve the quality of data being generated in the field.© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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