• Aurelie Gouel-Cheron, Bruce J Swihart, Sarah Warner, Lauren Mathew, Jeffrey R Strich, Alex Mancera, Dean Follmann, and Sameer S Kadri.
• Clinical Epidemiology Section, Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD.
• Crit. Care Med. 2022 Dec 1; 50 (12): 172517361725-1736.

ObjectivesBloodstream infections (BSIs) acquired in the ICU represent a detrimental yet potentially preventable condition. We determined the prevalence of BSI acquired in the ICU (ICU-onset BSI), pathogen profile, and associated risk factors.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Data SourcesEighty-five U.S. hospitals in the Cerner Healthfacts Database.Patient SelectionAdult hospitalizations between January 2009 and December 2015 including a (≥ 3 d) ICU stay.Data Extraction And Data SynthesisPrevalence of ICU-onset BSI (between ICU Day 3 and ICU discharge) and associated pathogen and antibiotic resistance distributions were compared with BSI present on (ICU) admission (ICU-BSI POA ); and BSI present on ICU admission day or Day 2. Cox models identified risk factors for ICU-onset BSI among host, care setting, and treatment-related factors. Among 150,948 ICU patients, 5,600 (3.7%) had ICU-BSI POA and 1,306 (0.9%) had ICU-onset BSI. Of those with ICU-BSI POA , 4,359 (77.8%) were admitted to ICU at hospital admission day. Patients with ICU-onset BSI (vs ICU-BSI POA ) displayed higher crude mortality of 37.9% (vs 20.4%) ( p < 0.001) and longer median (interquartile range) length of stay of 13 days (8-23 d) (vs 5 d [3-8 d]) ( p < 0.001) (considering all ICU stay). Compared with ICU-BSI POA , ICU-onset BSI displayed more Pseudomonas , Acinetobacter , Enterococcus, Candida , and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and more methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacter , and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter species, respectively. Being younger, male, Black, Hispanic, having greater comorbidity burden, sepsis, trauma, acute pulmonary or gastrointestinal presentations, and pre-ICU exposure to antibacterial and antifungal agents was associated with greater ICU-onset BSI risk after adjusted analysis. Mixed ICUs (vs medical or surgical ICUs) and urban and small/medium rural hospitals were also associated with greater ICU-onset BSI risk. The associated risk of acquiring ICU-onset BSI manifested with any duration of mechanical ventilation and 7 days after insertion of central venous or arterial catheters.ConclusionsICU-onset BSI is a serious condition that displays a unique pathogen and resistance profile compared with ICU-BSI POA . Further scrutiny of modifiable risk factors for ICU-onset BSI may inform control strategies.Copyright © 2022 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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