• Hani Naseef, Dana Joza', Ahlam Awawdeh, Alaa Hasan, Abdallah Damin Abukhalil, Ni'meh Al-Shami, and Abdullah Rabba.
• Pharmacy Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine.
• Patient Prefer Adher. 2022 Jan 1; 16: 2877-2892.

BackgroundAntibiotics are highly effective medications and essential in curing infectious diseases; however, their inappropriate use, such as self-medication, is a significant factor in developing antimicrobial resistance.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the level of antibiotic self-medication among patients who visited primary care clinics in Palestine.MethodsData were collected via a self-administered questionnaire, either printed or electronically, using google forms (Google Inc., USA). The sample size needed to provide a 95% confidence level and 5% margin error and assuming a prevalence of 50% of SM with antibiotics was 377 patients. A total of 700 questionnaires were randomly distributed to patients aged 18 years or older. However, 87 were excluded due to duplication, incomplete responses, or participants under 18 years old. Finally, 423 patients were included in this study, with 254 patients completing the electronic Google Forms and 181 completing the written survey. The questionnaire consists of patients' demographics, antibiotics knowledge, and self-medication behavior. In addition, descriptive statistics and knowledge scales were performed using SPSS 22 IBM to measure and assess the scope of the problem and find the association between self-medication demographics, education, and socioeconomic status.ResultsApproximately 50% of participants reported self-medication with antibiotics, with a very high use among participants with medical knowledge. Most people have adequate awareness of antibiotics, whereas out of 423 respondents, (40.2%, n = 170) had GKL, (50.4%, n= 213) had AKL, and only (9.5%, n=40) presented PKL. The primary source for self-treatment with antibiotics was community pharmacies (87.1%, n=223), whereas (14.1%, n=36) got antibiotics from family and friends. Convenience, easy access, and experience with community pharmacists contributed to self-medications. The most commonly used antibiotic for self-medication was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.ConclusionSelf-medication with antibiotics is a common practice in Palestine, regardless of socioeconomic or educational status. Patients' educations about complications from inappropriate use and the possibility of side effects are essential steps to decrease patients' demands for antibiotics. Furthermore, compliance and adherence of community pharmacists in dispensing antibiotics only with a prescription is necessary.© 2022 Naseef et al.

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