• Fei Guo, Yukai Liu, Jiaqi Lu, Zhiyong Wu, and Xiaoyong Zhu.
• Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 28; 101 (43): e31305e31305.

RationaleGliomatosis peritonei (GP) refers to the implantation of glial tissue on the visceral and parietal peritoneal surface, often associated with immature teratoma. It is a rare condition and the pathogenesis is not fully understood. In addition, the indistinguishable radiological appearance of immature and mature teratomas, and limited pathology samples make an accurate diagnosis difficult in most cases. More importantly, patients are also at risk of recurrence after surgery. This report aims to describe the process of diagnosis and treatment of GP with immature teratoma.Patient ConcernsThe patient, a 38-year-old woman presented with GP complicated with immature teratoma after laparoscopic ovarian cyst excision.DiagnosesOn physical examination, a 15 cm-pelvic mass, with poor mobility, was palpated. And tumor marker demonstrated a moderate increase in α-fetoprotein and carbohydrate antigen 125. We suspected malignancy according to the comprehensive preoperative evaluation, the postoperative pathology revealed an immature teratoma of the left ovary and complicated with gliomatosis peritonei. Three months after the second surgery, possible recurrence of immature teratoma was considered and the patient underwent the third laparotomy. But the postoperative pathology indicated mature teratoma and mature glial components in the pelvic lesions.Interventions And OutcomeThe patient underwent 2 more surgical resections after the initial resection and 3 cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin regimen chemotherapy. She was regularly followed up in the outpatient after surgery, and no recurrence has been reported in the pelvic cavity till date.LessonThe case illuminated that the primary diagnosis of GP complicated with immature teratoma is critical but highly challenging for both gynecologists and pathologists and more attention should be paid to "GP complicated with immature cystic teratoma" patients to avoid inappropriate treatment.Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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