• Johannes Levin, Alkomiet Hasan, AlejandreIrene AlbaIA, Irene Lorenzi, Volker Mall, and Tilman R Rohrer.
• Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE) Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, District Hospital Augsburg, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Hamburg Epilepsy Center, Protestant Hospital Alsterdorf, Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hamburg, Germany; KBO Kinderzentrum München and Department of Sociopaediatrics at Munich Technical University (TMU), Munich, Germany; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
• Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023 Jan 9; 120 (1-2): 142414-24.

BackgroundThe life expectancy of individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) has risen to more than 60 years over the past few decades. As a result, diseases arising in mid and later life have become an issue of major concern in the care of individuals with DS. This article discusses and summarizes, from a multidisciplinary perspective, the diseases commonly affecting this population.MethodsThis narrative review is based on publications identified by a selective literature search, extrapolation of the available evidence, and the authors' personal experience.ResultsRobust epidemiological evidence indicates that many different diseases, which are dealt with by many different medical specialties, are more common in individuals with DS. The genetic background of some of these diseases is now understood down to the molecular level, e.g., primary hypothyroidism or Alzheimer's disease in DS. Recent gains in epidemiological and pathophysiological understanding contrast with a dearth of evidence on treatment for most of these disorders.ConclusionIn view of the complexity of DS-associated morbidity, it would be desirable for DS-specific multidisciplinary care to be made available to patients with DS.

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