• Can Sezer, Selim Zırh, Murat Gokten, Aykut Sezer, Rıdvan Acıkalın, Emre Bilgin, and ZırhElham BahadorEBDepartment of Histology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey..
• Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey. Electronic address: mdcansezer@gmail.com.
• World Neurosurg. 2023 Feb 1; 170: e558e567e558-e567.

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury is still an important health problem worldwide. Traumatic brain injury not only causes direct mechanical damage to the brain but also induces biochemical changes that lead to secondary nerve cell loss. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of milrinone after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a rat model.MethodsForty male Wistar albino rats, were used. Rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) sham, 2) TBI, 3) TBI + Ringers, and 4) TBI + Milrinone. In group 1 (sham), only craniotomy was performed. In group 2 (TBI), TBI was performed after craniotomy. In group 3 (TBI + Ringer), TBI was performed after craniotomy and intraperitoneal Ringers solution was given immediately afterward. Group 4 (TBI + Milrinone), TBI was performed after craniotomy, and milrinone was given 1.0 mg/kg milrinone intraperitoneally directly (0.5 mg/kg milrinone intraperitoneally again 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after trauma). Tests were performed for neurological and neurobehavioral functions. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology studies were performed.ResultsIn group 4 compared with group 2 and group 3 groups, tests for neurological functions and neurobehavioral functions were significantly better. In the milrinone treatment used in group 4, plasma and brain tissue tumor necrosis factor, 8-OH 2-deoxyguanosine , and interleukin 6 levels were significantly decreased, and increased plasma and tissue IL-10 levels were detected. Histopathological spinal cord injury and apoptotic index increased in groups 2 and 3, while significantly decreasing in group 4.ConclusionsThis study shows for the first time that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties of milrinone may be neuroprotective after TBI.Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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