• James F Sallis, Heather R Bowles, Adrian Bauman, Barbara E Ainsworth, Fiona C Bull, Cora L Craig, Michael Sjöström, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Johan Lefevre, Victor Matsudo, Sandra Matsudo, Duncan J Macfarlane, Luis Fernando Gomez, Shigeru Inoue, Norio Murase, Vida Volbekiene, Grant McLean, Harriette Carr, Lena Klasson Heggebo, Heidi Tomten, and Patrick Bergman.
• Active Living Research, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92103, USA. sallis@mail.sdsu.edu
• Am J Prev Med. 2009 Jun 1; 36 (6): 484490484-90.

BackgroundUnderstanding environmental correlates of physical activity can inform policy changes. Surveys were conducted in 11 countries using the same self-report environmental variables and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, allowing analyses with pooled data.MethodsThe participating countries were Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, China (Hong Kong), Japan, Lithuania, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the U.S., with a combined sample of 11,541 adults living in cities. Samples were reasonably representative, and seasons of data collection were comparable. Participants indicated whether seven environmental attributes were present in their neighborhood. Outcomes were measures of whether health-related guidelines for physical activity were met. Data were collected in 2002-2003 and analyzed in 2007. Logistic regression analyses evaluated associations of physical activity with environmental attributes, adjusted for age, gender, and clustering within country.ResultsFive of seven environmental variables were significantly related to meeting physical activity guidelines, ranging from access to low-cost recreation facilities (OR=1.16) to sidewalks on most streets (OR=1.47). A graded association was observed, with the most activity-supportive neighborhoods having 100% higher rates of sufficient physical activity compared to those with no supportive attributes.ConclusionsResults suggest neighborhoods built to support physical activity have a strong potential to contribute to increased physical activity. Designing neighborhoods to support physical activity can now be defined as an international public health issue.

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