• R Yip, P J Limburg, D A Ahlquist, H A Carpenter, A O'Neill, D Kruse, S Stitham, B D Gold, E W Gunter, A C Looker, A J Parkinson, E D Nobmann, K M Petersen, M Ellefson, and S Schwartz.
• Division of Nutrition, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, USA.
• JAMA. 1997 Apr 9; 277 (14): 113511391135-9.

ObjectiveTo confirm prevalent iron deficiency among Yupik Eskimos living in Alaska and to explore the frequency of and potential lesions accounting for occult gastrointestinal bleeding.DesignDescriptive survey.SettingRural Arctic community.SubjectsA total of 140 adult volunteers from 3 villages in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of western Alaska.Main Outcome MeasuresDaily iron intake, hematologic and biochemical indexes of iron status, fecal hemoglobin levels, stool parasites, and endoscopic findings.ResultsWhile dietary iron intake by Yupiks was similar to that of a reference population, iron deficiency prevalence was increased 13-fold in Yupik men and 4-fold in Yupik women. Fecal hemoglobin levels were elevated in 90% of subjects contrasted with only 4% of a reference group; median levels were 5.9 and 0.5 mg of hemoglobin per gram of stool, respectively. Among 70 Yupik subjects with elevated fecal hemoglobin levels who had endoscopy performed, 68 (97%) had an abnormal gastric appearance consisting of erythema, mucosal thickening, diffuse mucosal hemorrhages, erosions, or ulcerations. Gastric biopsies revealed chronic active gastritis with associated Helicobacter pylori in 68 (99%) of 69. No other hemorrhagic gastrointestinal disease was detected.ConclusionsBased on this study sample, occult gastrointestinal bleeding appears to be pervasive in the Yupik population and likely underlies the prevalent iron deficiency. An atypical hemorrhagic gastritis associated with H pylori infection is present almost universally and may represent the bleeding source.

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