• A Velazco, L L Fleming, and F Nahai.
• J Trauma. 1983 Dec 1; 23 (12): 105210571052-7.

AbstractSoft-tissue injuries and defects associated with severe fractures of the tibia treated with the Hoffmann external fixator were reviewed. Of 84 cases of open tibia fractures (classified as Gustilo's Type II and III), 54 patients with 55 injured limbs required soft-tissue reconstruction other than skin grafts or small rotational flaps. These 55 cases were constructed with 37 local musculocutaneous flaps (20 gastrocnemius, 17 soleus and other smaller muscle flaps), 15 free musculocutaneous flaps (14 latissimus dorsi, and one tensor fascia lata), and three medial gastrocnemius cross leg flaps. In all cases the soft-tissue reconstruction was done with the external fixator in place. All but three of the musculocutaneous flaps healed with no problems (94%). Bony healing was found in 30 cases (69.09%) at 18-month followup. There was one amputation after two failed local flaps and three late amputations due to patient's request (infected nonunion). There was a nonunion rate of 25.45% (14 cases) at 18 months postinjury. The Hoffmann external fixator has allowed bony stabilization and has not precluded the subsequent soft-tissue reconstruction or bone grafting. Muscle and musculocutaneous flaps, both local and free, have been employed in the reconstruction of the leg with minimal interference from the Hoffmann device.

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