• Nobuyuki Hirai, Akio Kosaka, Takakazu Kawamata, Tomokatsu Hori, and Hiroshi Iseki.
• Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan. n_harai@ot.olympus.co.jp
• Comput. Aided Surg. 2005 Mar 1;10(2):59-71.

AbstractAs endoscopic surgery has become a popular form of minimally invasive surgery, it increasingly requires useful imaging tools to help the surgeons perform safe and secure operations. Our navigation system provides surgeons with visual information by overlaying 3D wire frame models of tumor onto live images, as well as by displaying relative the positions of surgical tools and the target tumor. Such 3D wire frame models are generated from pre-operative CT/MR images with the help of a 3D surgical simulation software. Another important function of our system is real-time volume rendering of intra-operative MR images for the target tumor. This function allows surgeons to carefully observe the vicinity of the tumor regions to be removed, by rendering the sectional views with respect to the surgical tool position, so that surgical performance can be easily monitored during the operation. We tested this navigation system in more than 10 clinical operations and verified the effectiveness of the navigation and surgical performance.

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