• Akihiko Ichida, Takashi Kokudo, Shingo Shimada, Etsuro Hatano, Shoji Kubo, Yutaro Kato, Yoshiya Ishikawa, Akira Mori, Hideo Baba, Yutaka Matsuyama, Itaru Endo, Hiroki Yamaue, Masakazu Yamamoto, Norihiro Kokudo, and Kiyoshi Hasegawa.
• Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
• Ann. Surg. 2023 Sep 1; 278 (3): e549e555e549-e555.

ObjectiveTo clarify the short and long-term postoperative outcomes and surgical indications for patients accompanied by hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus (TT) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) or right atrium (RA).BackgroundThese patients are known to have an extremely poor prognosis; however, the postoperative outcomes have not been fully verified because of the rarity of this disease.MethodsWe contacted 211 specialized centers in Japan and collected data on liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with TT in the IVC or RA from centers with experience performing surgery for such patients. The patient characteristics, operative procedures, and surgical outcomes were then analyzed.ResultsA total of 119 patients from 23 institutions were enrolled; 49 patients had TT in the IVC below the diaphragm (type I), 42 had TT in the IVC above the diaphragm (type II), and 28 had TT entering the RA (type III). The severity and frequency of postoperative complications did not differ among the 3 groups. There was one surgery-related death in the type III group. The median survival times were 2.47 years in the type I group, 1.77 years in the type II group, and 1.02 years in the type III group. Multivariate analysis identified an indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes >15% and ≥3 tumors as prognostic factors affecting survival, whereas the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and ≥3 tumors were risk factors for recurrence.ConclusionsAs the postoperative prognosis of patients with type I or type II disease and of patients with no risk factors is relatively good, surgery should be considered for these patient populations.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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