• Stefano Barco, Anna C Mavromanoli, Karl-Friedrich Kreitner, Alexander C Bunck, Roman J Gertz, Sebastian Ley, Luca Valerio, Frederikus A Klok, Felix Gerhardt, Stephan Rosenkranz, and Stavros V Konstantinides.
• Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: s.barco@uni-mainz.de.
• Chest. 2023 Apr 1; 163 (4): 923932923-932.

BackgroundChronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is considered a complication of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, signs of CTEPH may exist in patients with a first symptomatic PE.Research QuestionWhich radiologic findings on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) at the time of acute PE could indicate the presence of preexisting CTEPH?Study Design And MethodsThis study included unselected patients with acute PE who were prospectively followed up for 2 years with a structured visit schedule. Two expert radiologists independently assessed patients' baseline CTPAs for preexisting CTEPH; in case of disagreement, a decision was reached by a 2:1 majority with a third expert radiologist. In addition, the radiologists checked for predefined individual parameters suggesting chronic PE and pulmonary hypertension.ResultsSigns of chronic PE or CTEPH at baseline were identified in 46 of 303 included patients (15%). Intravascular webs, arterial narrowing or retraction, dilated bronchial arteries, and right ventricular hypertrophy were the main drivers of the assessment. Five (1.7%) patients were diagnosed with CTEPH during follow-up. All four patients diagnosed with CTEPH early (83-108 days following acute PE) were found in enriched subgroups based on the experts' overall assessment or fulfilling a minimum number of the predefined radiologic criteria at baseline. The specificity of preexisting CTEPH diagnosis and the level of radiologists' agreement improved as the number of required criteria increased.InterpretationSearching for predefined radiologic parameters suggesting preexisting CTEPH at the time of acute PE diagnosis may allow for targeted follow-up strategies and risk-adapted CTEPH screening, thus facilitating earlier CTEPH diagnosis.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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