• Maddalena Toffali, Federico Carbone, Enrico Fainardi, Andrea Morotti, Fabrizio Montecucco, Luca Liberale, and Alessandro Padovani.
• Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
• Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2023 Jun 1; 53 (6): e13962e13962.

BackgroundIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) has high mortality in the acute phase and poor functional outcome in the majority of survivors. ICH recurrence is a major determinant of long-term prognosis and is the most feared complication of antithrombotic treatment. On the other hand, ICH patients are at high risk of future ischaemic vascular events.MethodsThis narrative review provides a critical analysis of the current knowledge on the topic. We performed a Pubmed search with the following terms 'intracerebral haemorrhage', 'stroke', 'outcome', 'secondary prevention', 'anticoagulation' and 'atrial fibrillation', including only English written studies with no time restrictions.ResultsBlood pressure management is the cornerstone of secondary ICH prevention, regardless of ICH location or underlying cerebral small vessel disease. Resumption of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy is often challenging, with limited evidence from randomized trials. Clinical and imaging predictors can inform the stratification of ICH recurrence risk and might identify patients at very high probability of future haemorrhagic events. This narrative review provides a summary of the main diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies available for secondary prevention in ICH survivors.ConclusionAppropriate recognition and treatment of modifiable risk factors for ICH recurrence might improve outcomes in ICH survivors. Ongoing randomized trials might provide novel insights and improve long-term management.© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.

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