• Min Soo Kim, KimYoung HeeYHSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea., Mi Sung Kim, ByungSuk Kwon, and Hong Rae Cho.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea. Electronic address: kist1817@gmail.com.
• World Neurosurg. 2023 Apr 1; 172: e646e654e646-e654.

BackgroundBrain injury following head trauma occurs in 2 stages, namely an early stage attributable to mechanical damage and a delayed stage resulting primarily from neuroinflammation. In this study, we examined early proinflammatory cytokine upregulation in an animal model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and examined the effects of early anti-inflammatory therapy on neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and systemic inflammatory activity.MethodsSeven-week-old C57BL/6 mice (20 g-25 g) were subjected to sham treatment or closed skull impact from a 30-g round weight dropped 15 cm onto the cortical midpoint. Model mice were then randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline (control), 20 mg/kg cyclosporine A, 2 mg/kg dexamethasone, or 5 mg/kg cholecalciferol 1 hour post-TBI. Body weight, brain weight, cytokine expression in the brain and draining lymph nodes (DLNs), and histopathological changes were measured at multiple times post-TBI.ResultsBody weight did not significantly differ among the groups, whereas the brain-to-body weight ratio was significantly lower in the control group 7 days post-TBI. The peak expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the brain and DLNs 6 hours post-TBI was significantly lower in the dexamethasone and cyclosporine A groups. Conversely, peak IL-10 expression in the brain and DLNs was elevated in the cholecalciferol group. Control mice exhibited earlier and more severe neuroinflammatory damage than those in the experimental groups.ConclusionsThe administration of anti-inflammatory drugs or vitamin D analogs in the early period following TBI might help to reduce secondary injury from neuroinflammation.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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