• Jorge Fernandes, Rita Costa, Renato Guerreiro, Dulce Bonifácio, Ana Rodrigues, Célia Henriques, Patrícia Branco, Inês Araújo, and Cândida Fonseca.
• Unidade Funcional de Medicina Interna 7.2. Hospital Curry Cabral. Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central. Lisboa. Portugal.
• Acta Medica Port. 2023 Mar 1; 36 (3): 193201193-201.

AbstractAcute heart failure is a frequent cause of hospital admission in Portugal, and has an increasing tendency given the aging population. Although most admissions for acute heart failure are caused by congestive conditions, not all patients have a congestive phenotype, reflecting the complexity of a process with multiple pathophysiological pathways. The use of diuretics, usually loop diuretics, is the mainstay of treatment for congestion. However, many patients develop resistance, thus constituting a challenge with no consensual solution to date, despite extensive debate over the years. Despite its frequent use in clinical practice, the co-administration of albumin and furosemide remains controversial in the management of patients with acute heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, and diuretic resistance. This review addresses the pathophysiological mechanisms of congestion in patients with acute heart failure and explores the theoretical basis that supports the co-administration of albumin and furosemide in this clinical context. It is intended to clarify the potential benefit of the combined approach in this specific population and identify possible gaps in the literature that could be the subject of future studies.

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