• Simone Piva, Michele Bertoni, Nicola Gitti, Francesco A Rasulo, and Nicola Latronico.
• Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia.
• Curr Opin Crit Care. 2023 Apr 1; 29 (2): 758475-84.

Purpose Of ReviewSepsis, defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, is a leading cause of hospital and ICU admission. The central and peripheral nervous system may be the first organ system to show signs of dysfunction, leading to clinical manifestations such as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) with delirium or coma and ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW). In the current review, we want to highlight developing insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with SAE and ICUAW.Recent FindingsThe diagnosis of neurological complications of sepsis remains clinical, although the use of electroencephalography and electromyography can support the diagnosis, especially in noncollaborative patients, and can help in defining disease severity. Moreover, recent studies suggest new insights into the long-term effects associated with SAE and ICUAW, highlighting the need for effective prevention and treatment.SummaryIn this manuscript, we provide an overview of recent insights and developments in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with SAE and ICUAW.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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