• James S Floyd, Rod L Walker, Jennifer L Kuntz, Susan M Shortreed, Stephen P Fortmann, Elizabeth A Bayliss, Laura B Harrington, Sharon Fuller, Ladia H Albertson-Junkans, John D Powers, Mi H Lee, Lisa A Temposky, and Sascha Dublin.
• Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2023 May 1; 38 (6): 148414921484-1492.

BackgroundLittle is known about whether diabetes increases the risk of COVID-19 infection and whether measures of diabetes severity are related to COVID-19 outcomes.ObjectiveInvestigate diabetes severity measures as potential risk factors for COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 outcomes.Design, Participants, MeasuresIn integrated healthcare systems in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, we identified a cohort of adults on February 29, 2020 (n = 1,086,918) and conducted follow-up through February 28, 2021. Electronic health data and death certificates were used to identify markers of diabetes severity, covariates, and outcomes. Outcomes were COVID-19 infection (positive nucleic acid antigen test, COVID-19 hospitalization, or COVID-19 death) and severe COVID-19 (invasive mechanical ventilation or COVID-19 death). Individuals with diabetes (n = 142,340) and categories of diabetes severity measures were compared with a referent group with no diabetes (n = 944,578), adjusting for demographic variables, neighborhood deprivation index, body mass index, and comorbidities.ResultsOf 30,935 patients with COVID-19 infection, 996 met the criteria for severe COVID-19. Type 1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.27-1.57) and type 2 diabetes (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.23-1.31) were associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Insulin treatment was associated with greater COVID-19 infection risk (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.34-1.52) than treatment with non-insulin drugs (OR 1.26, 95% 1.20-1.33) or no treatment (OR 1.24; 1.18-1.29). The relationship between glycemic control and COVID-19 infection risk was dose-dependent: from an OR of 1.21 (95% CI 1.15-1.26) for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 7% to an OR of 1.62 (95% CI 1.51-1.75) for HbA1c ≥ 9%. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 were type 1 diabetes (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.99-4.15), type 2 diabetes (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.55-2.09), insulin treatment (OR 2.65; 95% CI 2.13-3.28), and HbA1c ≥ 9% (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.94-3.52).ConclusionsDiabetes and greater diabetes severity were associated with increased risks of COVID-19 infection and worse COVID-19 outcomes.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society of General Internal Medicine.

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