• Jeffery J Meadows, Holly Bauser-Heaton, Christopher J Petit, Bryan H Goldstein, Athar M Qureshi, Courtney E McCracken, Michael S Kelleman, George T Nicholson, Mark A Law, Jeffrey D Zampi, Shabana Shahanavaz, Paul J Chai, Jennifer C Romano, Sarosh P Batlivala, Shiraz A Maskatia, Ivor B Asztalos, Lindsay Eilers, Alicia M Kamsheh, Steven J Healan, Justin D Smith, R Allen Ligon, Andrew Dailey-Schwartz, Joelle A Pettus, Amy L Pajk, Andrew C Glatz, and Christopher E Mascio.
• Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Calif. Electronic address: jeffery.meadows@ucsf.edu.
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2023 Sep 1; 166 (3): 916925.e6916-925.e6.

ObjectiveNeonates with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia (TOF/PA) but no major aorta-pulmonary collaterals are dependent on the arterial duct for pulmonary blood flow and require early intervention, either by primary (PR) or staged repair (SR) with initial palliation (IP) followed by complete repair (CR). The optimal approach has not been established.MethodsNeonates with TOF/PA who underwent PR or SR were retrospectively reviewed from the Congenital Cardiac Research Collaborative. Outcomes were compared between PR and SR (IP + CR) strategies. Propensity scoring was used to adjust for baseline differences. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included complications, length of stay, cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia times, reintervention (RI), and pulmonary artery (PA) growth.ResultsOf 282 neonates, 106 underwent PR and 176 underwent SR (IP: 144 surgical, 32 transcatheter). Patients who underwent SR were more likely to have DiGeorge syndrome and greater rates of mechanical ventilation before the initial intervention. Mortality was not significantly different. Duration of mechanical ventilation, inotrope use, and complication rates were similar. Cumulative length of stay, cardiopulmonary bypass, and anesthesia times favored PR (P ≤ .001). Early RI was more common in patients who underwent SR (rate ratio, 1.42; P = .003) but was similar after CR (P = .837). Conduit size at the time of CR was larger with SR. Right PA growth was greater with PR.ConclusionsIn neonates with TOF/PA, SR is more common in greater-risk patients. Accounting for this, SR and PR strategies have similar mortality. Perioperative morbidities, RI, and right PA growth generally favor PR, whereas SR allows for larger initial conduit implantation.Copyright © 2023 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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