• Daniela Mayumi Rocha, Josefina Bressan, and Helen Hermana Hermsdorff.
• RD, MSc. Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
• Sao Paulo Med J. 2017 Mar 1; 135 (2): 157168157-168.

Context And Objective:Diet is an important modifiable factor involved in obesity-induced inflammation. We reviewed clinical trials that assessed the effect of consumption of different fatty acids on the expression of inflammation-related genes, such as cytokines, adipokines, chemokines and transcription factors.Design And Setting:Narrative review study conducted at a research center.Methods:This was a review on the effect of fat intake on inflammatory gene expression in humans.Results:Consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was related to postprandial upregulation of genes associated with pro-inflammatory pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in comparison with monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. In addition, acute intake of a high-SFA meal also induced a postprandial pro-inflammatory response for several inflammatory genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Both high-MUFA and high-PUFA diets showed anti-inflammatory profiles, or at least a less pronounced pro-inflammatory response than did SFA consumption. However, the results concerning the best substitute for SFAs were divergent because of the large variability in doses of MUFA (20% to 72% of energy intake) and n3 PUFA (0.4 g to 23.7% of energy intake) used in interventions.Conclusions:The lipid profile of the diet can modulate the genes relating to postprandial and long-term inflammation in PBMCs and adipose tissue. Identifying the optimal fat profile for inflammatory control may be a promising approach for treating chronic diseases such as obesity.

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