• Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis, George Dimopoulos, Stefanie Flohé, Antigoni Kotsaki, Tom van der Poll, Tomasz Skirecki, Antoni Torres, and Mihai G Netea.
• 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
• Shock. 2023 Mar 1; 59 (3S Suppl 1): 212521-25.

AbstractThe unacceptable high mortality of severe infections and sepsis led over the years to understand the need for adjunctive immunotherapy to modulate the dysregulated host response of the host. However, not all patients should receive the same type of treatment. The immune function may largely differ from one patient to the other. The principles of precision medicine require that some biomarker is used to capture the immune function of the host and guide the best candidate therapy. This is the approach of the ImmunoSep randomized clinical trial (NCT04990232) where patients are allocated to treatment with anakinra or recombinant interferon gamma tailored to immune signs of macrophage activation-like syndrome and immunoparalysis respectively. ImmunoSep is a first-in-class paradigm of precision medicine for sepsis. Other approaches need to consider classification by sepsis endotypes, targeting T cell and application of stem cells. Basic principle for any trial to be successful is the delivery of appropriate antimicrobial therapy as standard-of-care taking into consideration not just the likelihood for resistant pathogens but also the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic mode of action of the administered antimicrobial.Copyright © 2023 by the Shock Society.

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