• Madushika Wishvanie Kodagoda Gamage, Michael Todorovic, Wendy Moyle, and Lihui Pu.
• Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: madushika.kodagodagamage@griffithuni.edu.au.
• Pain Manag Nurs. 2023 Aug 1; 24 (4): 406426406-426.

BackgroundNurses play a pivotal role in pain observation in people living with dementia. However, currently, there is little understanding of the influence culture may have on the way nurses observe pain experienced by people living with dementia.AimThis review explores the influence of culture on nurses... pain observations experienced by people living with dementia.SettingsStudies were included regardless of the setting (e.g., acute medical care, long-term care, community).DesignAn integrative review.Participants/SubjectsPubMed, Medline, Psychological Information Database, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and ProQuest were included in the search.MethodsElectronic databases were searched using synonyms for "dementia," "nurse," "culture," and "pain observation." The review included ten primary research papers following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsNurses reported that pain observation in people living with dementia is challenging. Four themes were identified by data synthesis: (1) using behaviors for pain observation; (2) information from carers for pain observation; (3) pain assessment tools for pain observation; and (4) role of knowledge, experience, and intuition in pain observation.ConclusionsThere is a limited understanding of the role of culture on nurses' pain observations. However, nurses take a multifaceted approach to observing pain using behaviors, information from carers, pain assessment tools, and their knowledge, experience, and intuition.Copyright © 2023 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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