• Jingda Huang, Fang Zeng, Jiajie Li, Wang Xu, Meirong Shen, Qiao Shu, and Dehui Liu.
• Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
• Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Mar 24; 102 (12): e33351e33351.

RationalePneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic fungal infection that occurs in people with impaired or suppressed immunity such as patients with human immunodeficiency virus or organ transplant. However, the incidence and characteristics of PCP in the population with long-term hemodialysis is poorly described in the literature.Patient ConcernsWe present a case of a 50-year-old female patient being transferred to our hospital in February 2022 with a 20-day history of cough and tight breath. She received amoxicillin and cephalosporin anti-infection treatment successively in local hospital but no significant improvement in symptoms. She had a 2-year history of hemodialysis and no relevant transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection. She was diagnosed as ANCA associated vasculitis (AAV) and given oral prednisone acetate (20 mg/day) and methotrexate (2.5 mg/week) half a year ago.DiagnosesBased on the patient's medical history, Lung computerized tomography image, the Next generation sequencing report, the patient was diagnosed with renal failure, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia.InterventionsThe dosage of immunosuppressant was reduced due to leucocyte dripping and fever, and antibiotic and antifungal treatment were also given. The patient's lung condition was getting worse and noninvasive ventilator was required to maintain blood oxygen. Blood filtration is used to remove toxins. Ganciclovir and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was used based on the next generation sequencing report.OutcomesThe patient died of respiratory failure.LessonsThe risk of PCP in hemodialysis patients may be higher than that in ordinary population, and the prognosis of patients with immunosuppression may be worse. Dynamic assessment of vasculitis activity is necessary for hemodialysis patients with AAV because infections may obscure lung symptoms of AAV. It is not recommended that hemodialysis patients with long-term immunosuppression should reduce or stop the dosage of immunosuppressive drugs during the treatment because it may aggravate the condition of PCP. There is still no clear conclusion on whether hemodialysis patients need preventive medicine, but the identification of risk factors and early diagnosis and treatment are important for the prognosis of PCP on hemodialysis population.Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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