• José Damian Carrillo-Ruiz, Eugenia Beatriz Muratti-Molina, Gabriel Cojuc-Konigsberg, and José Rodrigo Carrillo-Márquez.
• Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez, Estado de México, Mexico; Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico; Research Direction, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico; Neurosciences Coordination, Faculty of Psychology, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez, Estado de México, Mexico. Electronic address: damian.carrillo@anahuac.mx.
• World Neurosurg. 2023 Nov 1; 179: 495949-59.

AbstractMesoamerica is culturally rich in diverse aspects, such as nature, sociology, and archeology. Several neurosurgical techniques were described during the Pre-Hispanic era. In Mexico, various cultures, such as the Aztec, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mayan, Tlatilcan, and Tarahumara, developed surgical procedures using different tools to perform cranial and probably brain interventions. Trepanations, trephines, and craniectomies are different concepts utilized to describe skull operations, which were conducted to treat traumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric diseases, and as a prominent form of ritual practice. More than 40 skulls have been rescued and studied in this region. In addition to written medical sources, archeological vestiges allow a more profound comprehension of Pre-Columbian brain surgery. The purpose of this study is to present the existing evidence of cranial surgery in Pre-Hispanic Mexican civilizations and their worldwide counterparts, procedures that have contributed to the global neurosurgical armamentarium, and have significantly impacted the medical practice's evolution.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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