• Pietro Bertini, Alberto Marabotti, Gianluca Paternoster, Fabio Sangalli, Diego Costanzo, Alessandro Isirdi, Matteo Romani, Niccolò Castellani Nicolini, Giulia Brizzi, Michele Checchi, and Fabio Guarracino.
• Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy - pietro.bertini@gmail.com.
• Minerva Anestesiol. 2023 May 1; 89 (5): 455467455-467.

IntroductionTracheostomy is the most frequent bedside surgical procedure performed on patients with traumatic brain injury who require mechanical ventilation. To compare the effects of early tracheostomy vs. late tracheostomy on the duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with traumatic brain injury, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evidence AcquisitionMEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched from inception to 17th October 2022. Eligible clinical trials and observational studies reporting early versus late tracheostomy in TBI were searched. Two reviewers extracted data and independently assessed the risk of bias. The duration of mechanical ventilation was the primary outcome.Evidence SynthesisWe pooled standardized mean differences and risk differences for random effects model. A total of 368 studies were retrieved and screened. Nineteen studies were selected, including 6253 patients. Mean time for early tracheostomy and late tracheostomy procedures was 6±2.9 days and 17±10.7 days, respectively. Early tracheostomy was associated with shorter mechanical ventilation duration (SMD=-1.79, 95% CI -2.71; -0.88) and fewer ventilator associated pneumonia (RD=-0.11, 95% CI -0.16; -0.06) when compared with late tracheostomy. Moreover, intensive care unit (ICU) (SMD=-1.64, 95% CI -2.44; -0.84) and hospital (SMD=-1.26, 95% CI -1.97; -0.56) length of stay were shorter when compared with late tracheostomy.ConclusionsThe findings from this meta-analysis suggest that early tracheostomy in severe TBI patients contributes to a lower exposure to secondary insults and nosocomial adverse events, increasing the opportunity of patient's early rehabilitation and discharge.

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