• Remi D Prince, Jennifer A Blumenthal, and Alon Geva.
• Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
• Pediatr Crit Care Me. 2023 Jun 1; 24 (6): e292e296e292-e296.

ObjectivesTo examine whether escalating antimicrobial treatment in pediatric oncology and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) patients admitted to the PICU is supported by culture data or affects patient outcomes.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingQuaternary care PICU.PatientsPatients younger than 18 years old who were admitted to the PICU at Boston Children's Hospital from 2012 to 2017 with a diagnosis of cancer or who had received HSCT and who had suspected sepsis at the time of PICU admission.InterventionsNone.Measurements And Main ResultsOf 791 PICU admissions for 544 patients that met inclusion criteria, 71 (9%) had escalation of antimicrobial therapy. Median Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score was higher in the escalation group (4 vs 3; p = 0.01). There were 14 admissions (20%) with a positive culture in the escalation group and 110 (15%) in the no escalation group ( p = 0.31). In the escalation group, there were only 2 (3%) cultures with organisms resistant to the initial antimicrobial regimen, compared with 28 (4%) cultures with resistant organisms in the no escalation group ( p = 1). Mortality in the escalation group was higher (17%) compared with the nonescalation group (5%; p < 0.001). The escalation group had more acute kidney injury (AKI) (25%) during treatment compared with the no escalation group (15%; p = 0.04), although this difference was not statistically significant when controlling for age, neutropenia, and PELOD-2 score (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% CI, 0.95-3.08; p = 0.06).ConclusionsFew patients who had escalation of antimicrobials proved on culture data to have an organism resistant to the initial antimicrobials, and more patients developed AKI during escalated treatment. While the escalation group likely represents a sicker population, whether some of these patients would be safer without escalation of antimicrobial therapy warrants further study.Copyright © 2023 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

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