• Vwaire Orhurhu, Nasir Hussain, Jay Karri, Edward R Mariano, and Alaa Abd-Elsayed.
• Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA vwo569@mail.harvard.edu.
• Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023 Jun 1; 48 (6): 327336327-336.

AbstractThe use of neuromodulation systems is increasing for the treatment of various pathologies ranging from movement disorders to urinary incontinence to chronic pain syndromes. While the type of neuromodulation devices varies, they are largely categorized as intracranial (eg, deep brain stimulation), neuraxial (eg, spinal cord stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and intrathecal drug delivery systems), or peripheral (eg, sacral nerve stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation) systems. Given the increasing prevalence of these systems in the overall population, it is important for anesthesiologists, surgeons, and the perioperative healthcare team to familiarize themselves with these systems and their unique perioperative considerations. In this review, we explore and highlight the various neuromodulation systems, their general perioperative considerations, and notable special circumstances for perioperative management.© American Society of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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