• Raj Kamal, Manjula Singh, Sudipto Roy, Tulsi Adhikari, Anil Kumar Gupta, Hari Singh, Vishnu Vardhan Rao, Samiran Panda, A M Khan, and Balram Bhargava.
• Clinical Division, ICMR-National Jalma Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Indian J Med Res. 2023 Feb 1; 157 (2&3): 204210204-210.

Background & ObjectivesChest X-ray (CXR) is an important screening tool for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Accessibility to CXR facilities in difficult-to-reach and underserved populations is a challenge. This can potentially be overcome by deploying digital X-ray machines that are portable. However, these portable X-ray machines need to be validated before their deployment in the field. Here, we compare the image quality of CXR taken by a newly developed handheld X-ray machine with routinely used reference digital X-ray machine through the conduct of a feasibility study.MethodsA total of 100 participants with suspected pulmonary TB were recruited from the outpatient departments of a medical college and a community health centre in Agra. Each participant underwent CXR twice, once with each machine. Both sets of de-identified images were independently read by two radiologists, who were blinded to the type of X-ray machine used. The primary outcome was agreement between image qualities produced by these two machines.ResultsThe intra-observer (radiologist) agreements regarding the status of the 15 CXR parameters ranged between 74 per cent and 100 per cent, with an unweighted mean of 87.2 per cent (95% confidence interval: 71.5-100). The median Cohen's kappa values for intra-observer agreement were 0.62 and 0.67 for radiologists 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, on comparison of the overall median score of quality of the image, the handheld machine images had a higher score for image quality.Interpretation & ConclusionsThe current study shows that a handheld X-ray machine, which is easy to use and can potentially be carried to any area, produces X-ray images with quality that is comparable to digital X-ray machines routinely used in health facilities.

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